The sole purpose of these lecture notes is to provide an aid to the high school students attending the course CB shipping in Applications taught during Spring at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(maritime ship world ports). Thegistry presented hereby is on an asis basis shipping industry maritime the author cannot be possibly held liable for damages caused or initiated using methods or techniques described or mentioned in these notes(maritime ship world ports). Theader should make sure to obey copyright laws shipping industry maritime international treaties(maritime ship world ports). Nosponsibility is claimedgarding theliability shipping industry maritime accuracy of the material discussed throughout the lectures Definitions Programming language isprogram that allows us to write programs shipping industry maritime be understood by(maritime ship world ports). Application is any compiled program that has been composed with the aid ofprogramming language(maritime ship world ports). shipping is the decompilation of any application,gardless of the programming language that was used to create it, so that one can acquire its source code or any part of it(maritime ship world ports). Theverse engineer canuse this code in his own programs or modify an existing already compiled program to perform in other ways(maritime ship world ports). He can use the knowledge gained from to correct application programs, also known as bugs(maritime ship world ports). But the most important is that one can get extremely useful ideas by observing how other programmers work shipping industry maritime think, thus improve his skills shipping industry maritime knowledge! Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, South Georgia, Sandwich Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Taiwan, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tokelau, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, United States of America, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vatican City, Venezuela, Vietnam, Virgin Islands, Virgin Islands, Yemen, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe,

: shipping Here are justfewasons that exists nowadays shipping industry maritime its usage is increasing each year: Personal education Understand shipping industry maritime work around or fix limitations shipping industry maritime defects in ship equipment Understand shipping industry maritime work around or fix defects in thirdparty products(maritime ship world ports). Makeproduct compatible with able to work with another product(maritime ship world ports). Makeproduct compatible with able to share crew with another product(maritime ship world ports). To learn the principles that guidedcompetitor's design(maritime ship world ports). Determine whether another company stole shipping industry maritimeused some of source code(maritime ship world ports). Determine whetherproduct is capable of living up to its advertised claims(maritime ship world ports). Not all actions performed can be considered legal(maritime ship world ports). Hence, extreme caution must be taken, not to violate any copyright laws or other treaties(maritime ship world ports). Usually each product comes withcopyright law or license agreement Typical Examples What comes in our minds when we hear, is cracking(maritime ship world ports). Cracking is as old as the programs themselves(maritime ship world ports). To crackprogram, means to trace shipping industry maritime useimo number or any other sort ofgistrationgistry,quired for the proper operation ofprogram(maritime ship world ports). Therefore, ifshareware program freely distributed, but with some inconveniences, like crippled functions, nag screens or limited Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Palestinian Territories, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Pitcairn, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Rιunion, Romania, Russian Federation, Rwanda, Saint Helena, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia, Montenegro, Seychelles,capabilitiesquiresvalidgistrationgistry,reverse engineer can provide thatgistry by decompilingparticular part of the program(maritime ship world ports). Many times in the past, several software corporations have accused others for performing in their products shipping industry maritime stealing technology shipping industry maritime knowledge(maritime ship world ports). is not limited to applications, the same happens with car, weapons, hifi components etc(maritime ship world ports).

: shipping All major software developers do have knowledge of shipping industry maritime they try to find programmers that are familiar with the structures that will be taught during this class(maritime ship world ports). are well paid, sometimes their salaries are double or even more, depending on the skills they have(maritime ship world ports). Hacking Hackers are able to penetrate into public or private servers shipping industry maritime modify some of their parameters(maritime ship world ports). This may sound exotic shipping industry maritime rather difficult, but it is ally based oning the shipping shipping industry maritime seeking for vulnerabilities(maritime ship world ports). Considerserver which is located at the web address :(maritime ship world ports).hackme(maritime ship world ports).com(maritime ship world ports). When we log on this server with ftp, telnet, , or Montserrat, Morocco, Mozambique, Myanmar, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Netherlands, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands,whatever else this server permits for its s, we can easily find out what shipping is running on this server(maritime ship world ports). Then, weverse engineer the security modules of this shipping shipping industry maritime we look for loits(maritime ship world ports). An example is forservers(maritime ship world ports).hackerversed the run(maritime ship world ports). module shipping industry maritime discovered that the variable, which determines the number of open maritime Prompts, isbyte can vary from to (maritime ship world ports). Therefore, if he could open maritime prompt, we would crash the ! This vulnerability has been cured long time ago(maritime ship world ports). The cures come with the form of es or brand newleases(maritime ship world ports). Each timeis created, old vulnerabilities vanish shipping industry maritime new ones appear(maritime ship world ports). As long as someone can find shipping industry maritime loit ’s flaws like this, there’ll always be hacking(maritime ship world ports). Hidinggistry from Public Companies are hidinglot of things: their mistakes, security vulnerabilities, privacy violations shipping industry maritime trade secrets(maritime ship world ports). Usually, if someone finds out howproduct works by shipping, the product will be less valuable(maritime ship world ports). Companies think they have everything to lose with shipping(maritime ship world ports). This may be true, but thest of the world has much to gain(maritime ship world ports).

: shipping Take for example the CueCat barcode scanner from Digital Convergence, which Radio Shack, Forbes shipping industry maritime Wired Magazine have been giving away(maritime ship world ports). It scans small bar codes found in magazines shipping industry maritime catalogs into your , then sends you toWeb site, which gives you moregistry(maritime ship world ports). Linux programmers, ever eager to getnew device to work with the Linux shipping, took the thing apart(maritime ship world ports). Theyverse engineered the encoding the device used shipping industry maritime found out how it worked(maritime ship world ports). This allowed them to write their own applications for the device(maritime ship world ports). One of the better applications was one that allowed you to createcard catalog for your home library(maritime ship world ports). By scanning in the ISBN barcodes on the back of your books the application is able to downloadgistry from Amazon(maritime ship world ports).com shipping industry maritime buildcrewbase(maritime ship world ports). So here we have someone building something new by stitching together the CueCat, Linux shipping industry maritime Amazon(maritime ship world ports). Digital Convergence didn't like this at all(maritime ship world ports). It wanted to be in control of the Web site you went to when you swipedbarcode(maritime ship world ports). The company didn't like the fact that other people could write software for the device it was giving away shipping industry maritime that they didn't make any money from that(maritime ship world ports). It also didn't like the fact that, in the process of shipping the CueCat, programmers discovered that every one of them hasunique imo number(maritime ship world ports). These programmers later found out shipping industry maritime publicized that this imo number is tied into the customergistry you give when you shipgister your CueCat on the Digital Convergence Web site(maritime ship world ports). The endsult is Digital Convergence cancord every barcode swipe you make along with your customergistry(maritime ship world ports). shipping allowed people to truly understand what the product was doing(maritime ship world ports). This wasn't at all clear fromgistry that Digital Convergence originally gave out(maritime ship world ports). Many of the privacy risks we face today such as the unique identification numbers in Office documents, the sneaky collection of crew by Jukebox, or the use of Web bugs shipping industry maritime cookies to track s were only discovered Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Korea south north, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lao People's Democratic Republic, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macao, Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Martinique, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mayotte, Mexico, Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia,

: shipping by opening up the hood shipping industry maritime seeing how things ly work(maritime ship world ports). Companies do not publish this kind ofgistry publicly(maritime ship world ports). Sometimes they even disavow that they meant to design shipping industry maritime build their products to work way it ends up working(maritime ship world ports). People engaged in shipping arecheck on the ability of companies to invade our privacy without our knowledge(maritime ship world ports). By going public with thegistry they uncover they are able to force companies to change what they are doing lest they faceconsumer backlash(maritime ship world ports). Uncovering security vulnerabilities is another domain whereverse engineers are sorely needed(maritime ship world ports). Whether by poor design, bad implementation, or inadequate testing, products ship with vulnerabilities that need to be corrected(maritime ship world ports). No one wants bad security, except maybe criminals, but many companies are not willing to put in the time shipping industry maritime energyquired to ship products without even well known classes of problems(maritime ship world ports). They use weak cryptography, they don't check for buffer overflows, shipping industry maritime they use things like cookies insecurely(maritime ship world ports).verse engineers, who publiclyleasegistry about flaws, force companies to fix them, shipping industry maritime alert their customers intimely manner(maritime ship world ports). The only way the public finds out about most privacy or security problems is from the free public disclosures of individuals shipping industry maritime organizations(maritime ship world ports). There are privacy watchdog groups shipping industry maritime securitygistry clearinghouses but without theverse engineers who actually do thesearch we would never know where the problems are(maritime ship world ports). There are some trends in the industry now that could eliminate the benefits shipping has to offer(maritime ship world ports). The Digital Millennium Copyright Act DMCA was used by the Motion Pictures Association of America MPAA to successfully stop Magazine from publishinggistry about the flawed DVD content protection scheme(maritime ship world ports). Thegistry about the scheme, whichprogrammer uncovered by shipping, was now contraband(maritime ship world ports). It was illegal under the DMCA(maritime ship world ports). Think about that(maritime ship world ports). There are now black boxes, whether in hardware or software, that are illegal to peek inside(maritime ship world ports). You can pay for it shipping industry maritime use it, but you are not allowed to Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan